Question

BENEVOLENT SEXISTSBy Jessica AbrahamsValentine's Day. A day of romance; a chance for men to shower their women with love and treat them like princesses.Sounds nice, doesn't it? But 14th February is a classic example of what people who study such things call "benevolent sexism. "The term was coined by psychologists Peter Glick and Susan Fiske, who define it as "a subjectively positive orientation of protection, idealisation, and affection directed towards women that, like hostile sexism, serves to justify women's subordinate status to men. " Compare, for example, the belief that women are less capable than men professionally (hostile sexism) with the belief that women have a maternal instinct, a natural talent for taking care of children (benevolent sexism). One sounds like an insult while the other sounds like a compliment, but both have the effect of suggesting that a woman's rightful place is in the home.Women will be aware of "benevolent sexism" happening all around them, from repeatedly hearing that they are gentler or have better social skills than men, to being told their looks give them an advantage in certain careers.Because these beliefs are ostensibly positive towards women, they may be more widespread or considered more acceptable than attitudes that are openly hostile. What's more, they are often accompanied by apparently negative beliefs about men—men might be good at business and things mechanical, say these benevolent sexists, but they are useless at running a household, dealing with emotions or anything involving fashion. Such ideas are insulting to men, but they are also underpinned by traditional beliefs about the supposedly natural differences between males and females which end up damaging both.Chivalry [ca val heirismo] is one manifestation of this, and that's why there is often confusion about it. It is a kind gesture for a man to pull a woman's chair out or hold a door open for her, but it is also based on assumptions about gender roles that we could do without.This is what will happen on Valentine's Day, this year as every other, when men wine and dine their female loves, and give them roses and jewellery and heart-shapedgreetings cards. This is the danger of benevolent sexism: the day may be filled with good intentions on the part of men, and may be enjoyed and anticipated by many women, but it is nonetheless built on unwelcome foundations which ultimately do women no good. The trouble is that those foundations are obscured by a friendly façade.Adapted from Prospect March 2016.31According to the author of the article,A Valentine's Day reinforces the same harmful gender stereotypes in all countries of the world.B the main purpose of Valentine's Day is to oppress women in subtle ways.C since our understanding of gender roles has changed so much, Valentine's Day is no longer a valid celebration of love between men and women.D in its own way, Valentine's Day produces an effect similar to that produced by hostile sexism.E commercial interests and materialism have ruined Valentine's Day by turning it into a sexist celebration.

Answer 1

O texto trata do dias dos namorados. Apesar de ser uma data especial, um dia de romance, uma dia dos homens mostrarem que amam suas mulheres, mas na verdade essa data é um perfeito exemplo de "benevolent sexism" (machismo bondoso). Esse tipo de machismo é prejudicial para as mulheres, pois é uma forma de relacionar elas como mãe e, mais profundamente, apenas como dona de casa. No segundo parágrafo esse tipo de machismo é comparado ao "hostile sexism", que é o machismo que ofende diretamente as mulheres. Portanto, a alternativa correta é a letra D, que diz que o dia dos namorados produz um efeito parecido com o machismo.